Resources / Library

Library

A small working canon for reasoning under uncertainty.

These authors disagree on almost everything. They share one allergy: certainty theater.

Reasoning

  • Gerd Gigerenzer

    Risk Savvy and Rationality for Mortals

    Risk literacy and ecological rationality

    Express risks in terms people can understand. Match decision rules to their environment; simple heuristics can outperform complex models when information is scarce or unreliable.

  • Karl Popper

    Conjectures and Refutations

    Critical rationalism

    Advance knowledge by exposing claims to criticism. Make hypotheses testable, look for errors, and resist protecting a theory from the evidence that could overturn it.

  • Bradley Dowden

    Fallacies

    Informal fallacies

    Identify errors in an argument and explain why they matter. Consult the catalogue for definitions and examples; use its competing classifications to distinguish faulty reasoning from an unfamiliar or unwelcome conclusion.

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Decisions

  • Robert J. Lempert and RAND

    Robust Decision Making / Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty

    Decision-making under deep uncertainty

    Test strategies across many plausible futures. Find where each breaks, then choose those that hold up when no single forecast deserves your confidence.

  • Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner

    Superforecasting

    Calibration and forecasting

    Keep score. Break forecasts into smaller questions, assign probabilities, and update them as evidence arrives. Judge predictions against outcomes over time, with confidence recorded beforehand.

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Systems

  • F. A. Hayek

    “The Use of Knowledge in Society” and “The Pretence of Knowledge”

    Distributed knowledge

    Account for knowledge held by people close to a problem. No central model captures all the local information on which a complex economy depends.

  • Thomas Sowell

    A Conflict of Visions and Knowledge and Decisions

    Trade-offs and constrained vision

    Examine the assumptions behind competing visions of society. Judge institutions by the incentives they create and the trade-offs they impose, including effects their designers never intended.

  • Vaclav Smil

    How the World Really Works

    Material realism

    Measure the energy and materials a proposed transition requires. Check its scale and speed against the physical systems that produce food, build infrastructure, and power industry.

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A work earns its place by staying useful for years, making its method clear, or challenging the framework.